Direct dimethyl sulfide (DMS) flux measurements using eddy covariance have shown a suppression of gas transfer at medium to high wind speed. However, not all eddy covariance measurements show evidence of this suppression. Processes, such as wave‐wind interaction and surfactants, have been postulated to cause this suppression. We measured DMS and carbon dioxide eddy covariance fluxes during the Asian summer monsoon in the western tropical Indian Ocean (July and August 2014).
Both fluxes and their respective gas transfer velocities show signs of a gas transfer suppression above 10 m/s. Using a wind‐wave interaction, we describe a flow separation process that could be responsible for a suppression of gas transfer. As a result we provide a Reynolds number‐based parameterization, which states the likelihood of a gas transfer suppression for this cruise and previously published gas transfer data. Additionally, we compute the difference in the gas transfer velocities of DMS and CO 2 to estimate the bubble‐mediated gas transfer using a hybrid model with three whitecap parameterizations. Plain Language Summary.
(1) The concentration difference represents the gas displacement from equilibrium and acts as the driving force of gas exchange. The Henry's law constant H represents gas solubility, which depends on salinity and temperature, and allows the conversion between the gas and the liquid phase.
Typically, Δ C is computed from the concentration measurements from 10 m in the atmosphere and 5‐m depth in the ocean. It is an approximation to the concentration difference directly at the interface. The gas transfer velocity k can be seen as conductance of gas exchange.
A main challenge for the gas exchange community is to find a model or parameterization for k that would be suitable for all gases across a wide range of solubilities and environmental conditions. There are three ways to describe k: (1) Mechanistically, which models the gas transfer based on fundamental boundary layer physics; (2) empirically, which fits a parameter‐dependent (wind speed, friction velocity,) function through directly derived k values; (3) as a hybrid, which is a mechanistic model applied to and fed by directly derived k values. A mechanistic model is, in theory, universal, but may not describe all important processes influencing gas transfer, as there may be unknown mechanisms at work.
Empirical models capture all gas transfer processes, as they are based on measured field data, but mostly lack mechanistic understanding, as complimentary data on the underlying processes are often not obtained. In this study, we concentrate on the hybrid model description of k as this provides the best opportunity to combine in situ measured data and the physical laws governing them. Direct flux measurements, such as eddy covariance, provide an in situ value for the air‐sea gas flux F d i r e c t. F direct can be used to estimate the total gas transfer velocity k total, when the concentration difference is known, by rearranging equation to result in equation. (3) The resulting k total (equation, Liss & Merlivat, ) is a combination of the waterside transfer velocity k water and the airside transfer velocity k air (equation ).
Either fraction can be the limiting component for gas transfer. Using multiple gases with different solubilities one can quantify the different contributions of k water, k air to the total gas transfer k total.
We use direct eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to estimate both contributions to the gas transfer. For sparingly soluble gases like CO 2, the transfer is controlled by k water. For more soluble gases like DMS, both terms must be included in the calculation.
On a molecular level k water is also dependent on the viscosity ν water of the sea water and the diffusivity D of the gas through seawater, which is represented by the Schmidt number (equation ). Schmidt number (Sc) scaling was introduced to make gas transfer velocities of various gases comparable.
(5) The exponent n depends on the surface properties of the water and ranges from for smooth surfaces to for rough wavy surfaces (Komori et al., ). For this study, we set and Sc ref=660, which is the Schmidt number of CO 2 in seawater at 20°C and commonly used as reference point in gas transfer studies. Hereinafter, presented results of gas transfer velocities k correspond to the Schmidt number Sc =660 unless indicated otherwise (Sc = x x). The most widely used parameterizations for k water are dependent on wind speed, for example, Nightingale et al. ( ), Sweeney et al. ( ), Ho et al.
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( ), and Wanninkhof et al. Generally, according to Wanninkhof et al.
( ), parameterizations are described by a third degree polynomial, equation, in u 10 n (10 m neutral wind speed) based on the dominant role of wind forcing on surface stress, momentum flux, energy dissipation, and bubble‐mediated gas transfer. In equation, one or more coefficients ( p 0, p 1, p 2, p 3) may be set to zero.
(6) Eddy covariance measurements have pointed to discrepancies between empirically derived k values and those predicted using wind speed parameterizations. There are various hypotheses used to explain these discrepancies. One major discrepancy is the solubility dependence of gas transfer.
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Bubble‐mediated gas transfer, which is strongly solubility dependent and important at high wind speed, prevents a universal k versus wind speed relationship for all gases across a wide wind speed range. Many parameterizations do not perform well at high wind speed, when bubble‐mediated exchange becomes more important through white cap formation, wave breaking, and bubble formation. Hybrid models have been developed to tackle this discrepancy at high wind speed. Woolf ( ) presents a hybrid model in which the total gas transfer velocity k water has two components: (1) k o, the interfacial gas transfer which describes the molecular diffusion through the unbroken surface, and (2) k b, the bubble‐mediated gas transfer, as described in equation. (7) These hybrid models are based on actual measurements (empirical) of k o and a model of bubble‐mediated gas transfer, for example, Woolf ( ) and Goddijn‐Murphy et al. Direct gas transfer k o scaled to a common Sc, using equation, should be similar for different gases and for the same gas under different physical conditions, but k b is expected to depend on the solubility of the gas in seawater ( k b increases with decreasing solubility of the gas).
Equation is therefore not strictly applicable to insoluble gases, but is commonly applied in existing empirical parameterizations of k water. The k o can be determined by measuring a more soluble gas, such as DMS, since DMS is not influenced greatly by bubble‐mediated transfer. CO 2, on the other hand, is influenced by the bubble‐mediated gas transfer k b and, therefore, the difference between the CO 2 and DMS k water values can be used to estimate the bubble‐mediated gas transfer velocity (Bell et al., ). In contrast to the gas transfer enhancing bubble effect, four eddy covariance studies (Bell et al.,; Yang et al., ) and the update by Blomquist et al.
( ) on Yang et al. ( ) have indicated a suppression of gas transfer velocity at medium to high wind speed.
This is an exceptional phenomena, as most models and theories do not include a process that could lead to such a decrease or flattening of k at medium to high wind speed. Generally, there are not many direct flux measurements at wind speed exceeding 12 m/s (Bell et al.,; Blomquist et al.,; Huebert et al.,; Yang et al., ). Interestingly, this phenomenon has only been published in relation to these four eddy covariance data sets (Bell et al.,; Yang et al., ) and a wind‐wave tunnel experiment (Rhee et al., ), all measuring DMS exchange. It is clear that suppression is not a general feature of high wind gas exchange (Blomquist et al., ).
Wind‐wave interaction has been hypothesized to be the main driver of this suppression. For example, short waves lessen under the influence of mechanically generated long waves and as a result gas transfer is reduced (Rhee et al.
On Tue, 4 Apr 2017 07:32:51 -0700 (PDT), ' wrote: I know how to use Google and it took me more than a minute (on dialup), but I was already at these and many more sites that google came up with. NONE of the above produced any manual. I spent well over 2 hours prior to posting this question, using google to no avail.
The does have some links to actual Radio Shack manuals though, but not this one is one of the more useful sites, but ONLY for 2-way radios, ham gear, and scanners. However, I did learn soemthing from this site. That is the fact that Radio Shack went bankrupt (which I knew), in 2015. They are now owned by Sprint. But the real answer to my question is: Manuals are no longer available on the public Radio Shack web site. (I know they were available in they past).
[email protected] 4/4/2017, 13:01 น. On Tue, 4 Apr 2017 13:07:58 -0700 (PDT), ' wrote: During my search, I did end up on some site that claimed I could buy a manual, at a cost of more than I paid for the device.
This device is not in need of repair, but I am not fully understanding how to use it, which is why I hoped to get a free manual. Looks like I either pay too much for a manual, or just use the trial and error method. As far as a free manual, I guess I am S.O.L. Radio Shack was once a good company.
Yea, they did lack a good selection of parts, and some of their stuff was over priced, but their radios and other devices were generally worth the cost and RS had really good support as far as getting free manuals and parts for their devices. I knew they had gone bankrupt, but did not know they were now owned by Sprint.
What I do know, is that in the last decade or so, it seemed their whole business was geared around cellphones. Now I know why. But the cellphone business is no longer what it was. It's leveled off. THere is a lot of competition, and most people now have phones and aside from upgrades, there are few new customers, and less profit to be made since costs are way down. The nearest RS to me, lost their cellphone business. They said that was 80% of their business.
They were facing a shutdown, but opted to become an appliance store, and still carry RS products in the back of the store. But the shelves are pretty bare now. I wonder how long that will last???? I bet it wont last long. John Robertson 4/4/2017, 16:19 น. If they were available in the past on the RS web site then see if you have any luck using the WayBack machine on. Many is the time I have found manuals, etc.
Using the WayBack engine! Just put the URL you are looking for and the WayBack machine will show you all the dates it archived the site. The depth of the archive depends on the site's Robots.txt file. If you find what you are looking for consider uploading it to one of the free sites that has been useful to you. John:-#)# - (Please post followups or tech inquiries to the USENET newsgroup) John's Jukes Ltd. 2343 Main St., Vancouver, BC, Canada V5T 3C9 (604)872-5757 or Fax 872-2010 (Pinballs, Jukes, Video Games) 'Old pinballers never die, they just flip out.'
[email protected] 4/4/2017, 17:12 น. On Tue, 4 Apr 2017 10:26:32 -0700 (PDT), wrote: pf: fixya = USELESS fer shure.:-) I used a trageted email addy to register there several years ago to discuss an appliance problem. Within a week that email addy was spammed from all over the world for all sorts of bizzar things.
Email to that addy now goes straight to a spam receptor process and is reported upstream to all manor of blocklists. Jonesy - Marvin L Jones Marvin W3DHJ.net linux 38.238N 104.547W @ Jonesy FreeBSD. Killfiling google & XXXXbanter.com: Bruce Esquibel 5/4/2017, 3:46 น. Wrote: The nearest RS to me, lost their cellphone business. They said that was 80% of their business. They were facing a shutdown, but opted to become an appliance store, and still carry RS products in the back of the store.
But the shelves are pretty bare now. I wonder how long that will last???? I bet it wont last long. I think I read they re-filed for bankrupcy again a couple weeks ago so that should be the last nail in the coffin. Also I think you wasted more time looking for a manual than doing your trial-and-error routine, which would take like a whole 5 minutes. I used to use those and there isn't much to understand, the general purpose of it was to avoid moving cable around between 4 devices, two of which are recorders and 2 players (laser or ced).
You can route the output from disc or aux into either vcr or record from vcr1 to vcr2, or the other way around. The processor was just a line level video amp which main purpose was to boost the signal where if you had a disc playing and wanted it fed to both vcr1 and vcr2 at the same time, it wouldn't load the output of the disc.
Monitor is just which of the 4 devices you want routed to the tv. Like I said, would take like 10 minutes to play around with it. These were handy back when tv's had the sole video/audio rca-in jacks and you had more than one 'thing' to plug into it.
The ability to record from vcr1 into vcr2 or vcr2 into vcr1 by rotating a couple knobs was the 2nd best feature. After that, meh.bruce Adrian Caspersz 5/4/2017, 4:09 น. Ah, light bulb moment. They categorised their scrapings.
But nothing found:- That mixer looks more like a trivial switch, and should be easy to buzz out with a continuity tester to find the functions. I have a similar Tandy Realistic 42-2115 tape control centre on the HiFi. From left to right, I'd judge the purposes of the switches like: VCR-1 & VCR-2 Selects sources for recording into each. PROCESSOR Connects via loop-out/loop-in an external video processor box in-line with the selected input, hopefully. so that the enhanced signal can be recorded with VCR-1 & VCR-2. MONITOR Merely connects to the source output, enhanced or not. should be easy to buzz out with a meter, or just try it.
Might not be you, but a lot of folks have issues with the directional labels in & out, and yet fully manage to survive a trip to a supermarket or the car park. Do you really need the manual? - Adrian C [email protected] 5/4/2017, 10:44 น. On Wed, 5 Apr 2017 12:09:34 +0100, Adrian Caspersz wrote: Ah, light bulb moment.
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They categorised their scrapings. But nothing found:- That mixer looks more like a trivial switch, and should be easy to buzz out with a continuity tester to find the functions. I have a similar Tandy Realistic 42-2115 tape control centre on the HiFi. From left to right, I'd judge the purposes of the switches like: VCR-1 & VCR-2 Selects sources for recording into each. PROCESSOR Connects via loop-out/loop-in an external video processor box in-line with the selected input, hopefully.
so that the enhanced signal can be recorded with VCR-1 & VCR-2. MONITOR Merely connects to the source output, enhanced or not. should be easy to buzz out with a meter, or just try it. Might not be you, but a lot of folks have issues with the directional labels in & out, and yet fully manage to survive a trip to a supermarket or the car park.
Do you really need the manual? - Adrian C I probably dont really need the manual. I can understand the functions, but I wanted to know how much gain was used on different inputs, or if they are all the same.
I can learn more by looking at a schematic than reading a lot of info. But at this point, I am not wasting any more time looking for a manual. I'll just plug in a sine wave from my audio generator, and feed it to my oscope to see what the gain is. I should mention that I am not using this thing for video. I am only using the audio portions to feed multiple inputs into an amplifier. All inputs are about the same sound levels, so that is why I am concerned about the gain. I originally planned to build a switch box for this purpose.
But the price of a 'bud box' (aluminum box) a rotary switch, and a bunch of RCA jacks far exceeded the price of this Archer device. So, to save money, as well as time, I thought this was the way to go. The video portions just will not be used. (But I could use it for that purpose if I ever needed to). I really dont mind building stuff from scratch, but when it costs 3 or 4 times what it costs to buy something like this, there is no sense to it. Not to mention all the drilling I'd have to do to mount all the RCA jacks. (Thats the part I dont like).
[email protected] 5/4/2017, 10:47 น. On Wed, 5 Apr 2017 13:03:30 -0500, Foxs Mercantile wrote: On 4/5/2017 11:46 AM, wrote: Where did you hear about another RS bankruptcy? Can you provide any links to that? You honestly live under a rock don't you?
I have more important things to do than watch tv. Once or twice a day I turn it on to get the weather report. Thats about it.
The rest of the news is just political garbage which is just mostly all hogwash words and lies anyhow. Anyhow, thanks for the link! Not that I can do anything about it. Foxs Mercantile 5/4/2017, 13:03 น. I have an Archer surround decoder and amp model 15-1279. It needs both output chips. I probably don't really need the manual, maybe the output part is all, but not the whole thing, what I need is the part numbers of the output chips.
They are both blown to bits. (that's why I might need that part of the manual) The reason for this is my own carelessness.
I was using it as a bench amp, it is small, not much tone control and can null felt and right to check channel balance. (which actually proved useful once) I have sort of a patch bay there for the speakers, and really the receiver that is now there is better, but when the Archer was there I went to check an amplifier. Well this was a quite powerful amp, not sure it may have been my Phase Linear 400-2, 260 WPC.
Instead of disconnecting the speakers and hooking them to the amp I mistakenly fed the output of the amp into the speaker outputs of the Archer, which was of course in BTL mode so all the channels are fried. A great big OOPS. Even the part number would be good, then I can check see if it didn't burn down alot more before I order the chips.
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